![]() In the lung parenchyma, alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil occur. In the airways, there are increased mucus production, thickening of the airway wall, and overall narrowing. It leads to narrowing of the airways and changes in lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature. As with previous editions, the 2018 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) update seeks to provide comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD (Mirza et al., 2018).ĬOPD is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms of dyspnea, cough, sputum production, and exacerbations due to abnormalities of the airways such as bronchitis and/or alveoli that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction, such as in emphysema (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2022).ĬOPD is a progressive disease that affects the lungs and is associated with chronic inflammation and abnormal inflammatory responses to harmful particles or gases. ![]() What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?Ĭhronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Providing Patient Education & Health Teachings Promoting Infection Control & Preventing Complications Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support ![]() Improving Breathing Pattern Through Breathing Exercises ![]() Promoting Effective Gas Exchange & Oxygen Therapy
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